Birthmarks
Types of Vascular Birthmarks
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
- AVM’s are usually present at birth
- Sometimes they don’t appear until adulthood
- Can be acquired after direct trauma
- Complex mass of veins and arteries – vessels enlarge and
thicken and increased blood flow to the area results
- Firm mass – when pressed feel soft and gel-like, can feel
pulse or heartbeat, can cause pain
- Lips, head and neck are common areas affected
- Can also occur in the brain, brain stem or spinal cord
- Angiography used to detect AVM
- Treatment by skilled physician only – combination of embolization
and surgical excision usually recommended
Café au lait Spot
- Flat patches
- Occur anywhere on body
- Tan to light brown
- Permanent
- If child has several spots, consult doctor
Cavernous Hemangioma
- Bluish or bluish-red in color
- Lumpy mass
- Borders not visible as with other hemangiomas
- Grows fast during first 6 months – then slows
- 95% disappear by 10-12 years of age
- Treatments are the same as for strawberry hemangioma
Congenital Pigmented Nevi
- Appear as hairy moles
- Can vary in color – light brown to dark/almost black
- Giant pigmented nevi are not as common as small ones
- Large nevi should be examined for malignancy
Hemangioma
- Reddish in color
- 83% occur on the head and neck area
- Occur 5 times more often in females
- Some visible at birth or within 1 to 4 weeks after birth
- Can grow for up to 18 months, then start to involute
- Involution can last 3 – 10 years
- Some can be life threatening – interfere with eating,
breathing, seeing, hearing, speaking, cause strain on heart
- Internal hemangiomas can be very dangerous and hard to detect
– some internal lesions require no treatment and shrink
in time
- If more than 3 hemangiomas are present, entire body scan should
be done
Lymphatic Malformation
- Excess fluid accumulates causing lymphatic vessels to enlarge
- Sponge-like masses of abnormal channels and spaces containing
clear fluid
- Leakage from skin can occur – can lead to cellulitis
- If lymph vessels in face affected, face will swell
- Can occur anywhere on body but most common in head and neck
area
- In mouth area, looks like frog eggs
- Can increase and grow with the individual
- Only skilled surgeon should treat
- MRI and CAT scan are used to diagnose
- Laser treatment, sclerotherapy, and surgery used to treat or
remove
Mongolian Spot
- Blue or slate grey in color
- Resemble bruises
- Common in babies of races with dark skin (African/African-American,
Mediterranean, Asian or Indian descent)
- Can be found on buttocks, back and sometimes legs and shoulders
- No treatment needed – usually fade over time
Port Wine Stain or Nevus Flammeus
- Red or purple in color
- Can appear anywhere on body
- Most are readily visible at birth - congenital
- Can be flat or slightly raised
- Usually permanent
- Laser treatment used to help reduce color, and to improve the
texture of the skin (helps to prevent nodules and pws growth which
can affect lips, gums and other tissues)
Salmon Patch or Nevus Simplex
- Salmon-colored
- Sometimes called “angel kiss” or “stork bite”
- Most often found on the nape of the neck
- Also appear on the forehead, upper eyelids, and around the mouth
and nose
- More than 95% lighten and fade completely
Strawberry Hemangioma
- Vascular malformation
- Red, soft, raised appearance
- Size varies
- May be present at birth or first few weeks thereafter
- Will grow, but start to fade (involute), turn grey in color
- Usually disappear between ages 5-10
- Surgery might be necessary to remove – depending on size
and location of lesion
- Other treatments – compression and massage, steroids,
X-ray therapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, or injection of hardening
agents
Venous Malformation
- Abnormality of the large deep veins, sometimes mistaken for
hemangioma
- Can be deep or superficial – deep can have no color but
show a protruding mass
- Jaw, cheek lips and tongue are most common areas affected
- Soft to the touch, color disappears and empties when the lesion
is compressed
- When a child cries or is lying down the lesion expands and the
vessels fill and the color becomes more intense
- Venous stain is a type of flat birthmark that is bluish in color
and comprised of enlarged venular vessels – sometimes blebs
appear and can pop and bleed
- Slow, steady enlargement – it will grow – some things
cause more rapid growth such as serious sickness, trauma, infection,
hormone changes (puberty, pregnancy, menopause)
- Partial removal is not recommended as these lesions will grow
back
For more information on vascular birthmarks, contact the Vascular
Birthmarks Foundation
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